Goya (y Lucientes), Francisco(José) de
Goya (y Lucientes), Francisco (José) de (b. March 30, 1746, Fuendetodos, Spain–d. April16, 1828, Bordeaux, Fr.), consummately Spanish artist whose multifariouspaintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary historical upheavalsand influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters. Like Velázquez,Goya was a Spanish court painter whose best work was done apart from hisofficial duties. He is known for his scenes of violence, especially thoseprompted by the French invasion of Spain. The series of etchings Losdesastres de la guerra («The Disasters of War», 1810-14)records the horrors of the Napoleonic invasion. His masterpieces in paintinginclude The Naked Maja and The Clothed Maja (c.1800-05). He also painted charming portraits such as Senora Sabasa Garcia.
For thebold technique of his paintings, the haunting satire of his etchings, and hisbelief that the artist’s vision is more important than tradition, Goya is oftencalled «the first of the moderns.» His uncompromising portrayal ofhis times marks the beginning of 19th-century realism.
FranciscoJose de Goya y Lucientes was born on March 30, 1746, in Fuendetodos, a villagein northern Spain. The family later moved to Saragossa, where Goya’s fatherworked as a gilder. At about 14 young Goya was apprenticed to Jose Luzan, alocal painter. Later he went to Italy to continue his study of art. Onreturning to Saragossa in 1771, he painted frescoes for the local cathedral.These works, done in the decorative rococo tradition, established Goya’sartistic reputation. In 1773 he married Josefa Bayeu, sister of Saragossaartist Francisco Bayeu. The couple had many children, but only one–a son,Xavier–survived to adulthood.
From 1775to 1792 Goya painted cartoons (designs) for the royal tapestry factory inMadrid. This was the most important period in his artistic development. As atapestry designer, Goya did his first genre paintings, or scenes from everydaylife.
Theexperience helped him become a keen observer of human behavior. He was alsoinfluenced by neoclassicism, which was gaining favor over the rococo style.Finally, his study of the works of Velázquez in the royal collectionresulted in a looser, more spontaneous painting technique.
At thesame time, Goya achieved his first popular success. He became established as aportrait painter to the Spanish aristocracy. He was elected to the RoyalAcademy of San Fernando in 1780, named painter to the king in 1786, and made acourt painter in 1789.
A seriousillness in 1792 left Goya permanently deaf. Isolated from others by hisdeafness, he became increasingly occupied with the fantasies and inventions ofhis imagination and with critical and satirical observations of mankind. Heevolved a bold, free new style close to caricature. In 1799 he published the Caprichos,a series of etchings satirizing human folly and weakness. His portraits becamepenetrating characterizations, revealing their subjects as Goya saw them. Inhis religious frescoes he employed a broad, free style and an earthy realismunprecedented in religious art.
Goyaserved as director of painting at the Royal Academy from 1795 to 1797 and wasappointed first Spanish court painter in 1799. During the Napoleonic invasionand the Spanish war of independence from 1808 to 1814, Goya served as courtpainter to the French. He expressed his horror of armed conflict in TheDisasters of War, a series of starkly realistic etchings on theatrocities of war. They were not published until 1863, long after Goya’s death.
Upon therestoration of the Spanish monarchy, Goya was pardoned for serving the French,but his work was not favored by the new king. He was called before theInquisition to explain his earlier portrait of The Naked Maja, oneof the few nudes in Spanish art at that time.
In 1816 hepublished his etchings on bullfighting, called the Tauromaquia.From 1819 to 1824 Goya lived in seclusion in a house outside Madrid. Free fromcourt restrictions, he adopted an increasingly personal style. In the BlackPaintings, executed on the walls of his house, Goya gave expression tohis darkest visions. A similar nightmarish quality haunts the satirical Disparates,a series of etchings also called Proverbios.
In 1824,after the failure of an attempt to restore liberal government, Goya went intovoluntary exile in France. He settled in Bordeaux, continuing to work until hisdeath there on April 16, 1828. Today many of his best paintings hang inMadrid’s Prado art museum.
Список литературы
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