KazakhstanInstitute of Management Economics and Strategic Research
Topic:USA – Soviet Union Relations before and during theCold War
economic diplomatic War oppression
From: Azhigaliyev Aibek
20073690
To: Gulnara Dadabayeva
The history of Russian-US relations is rooted in the late XVII century,when independent American states did not exist. In 1698 Peter I met in Londonwith William Penn, founder of the British colony, which later becamePennsylvania. It was the first bilateral political contacts. In the first halfof XVIII century begins active colonization of America Russian merchants. ManyRussian settlements were founded in the Aleutian Islands, mainland Alaska, inwhat is now the Canadian provinces of Yukon and British Columbia and the U.S.states of Washington, Oregon and California. Gradually the scattered Russiansettlement colony were issued legally, over the territory occupied by Russiansettlers proclaimed the sovereignty of the Russian Empire. Capital of Russian Americawas the city New Archangel (now — Sitka). In 1775 the 13 British coloniesrevolt against economic oppression by the British. George III turned to theRussian Empress Catherine II with the request to assist British troops insuppressing the uprising, to which was refused. July 4, 1776 in Philadelphia,was proclaimed the independence of the colonies. Formally, Russia has notrecognized this act, however, supports the desire of the colonies toindependence. In 1780, at the height of the war for independence, Russia hasannounced an armed neutrality, is the actual support for the colonies. In 1809,Russia and the U.S. exchanged ambassadors, initiating diplomatic relations. Thefirst U.S. ambassador to Russia, John Quincy Adams became the first Russianambassador to the U.S. — Andrew Dashkov. In the XIX century, diplomaticrelations between the U.S. and Russia were friendly. Peak closer Petersburg andWashington were 1860 .- Civil War in the U.S. and the Polish uprising of1863-1864. Then Russia and the northern U.S. states had a common foe — Britain,which supported both southerners and Polish rebels. In 1867 all Russianpossessions east of the Bering Strait had been sold for 7,2 million U.S.dollars. Furthermore most of Alaska this includes the entire Aleutianarchipelago and some islands in the Pacific Ocean. However, in the middle ofthe century, the government of Nicholas I drew American engineers in theirprojects of modernization of the empire. For example, experts from the UnitedStates played a crucial role in the construction of the railway between Moscowand St. Petersburg and equipping of its rolling stock, implementation of thefirst telegraph lines and the rearmament of the army after the Crimean War. However,in the XIX century between Russia and the United States accumulatedcontradictions. Nota Monroe in 1823 was awarded the first Russian ambassador — in protest against the possible intervention of the Holy Alliance in LatinAmerica and the strengthening of the Russian settlements in California. In theyears 1849-1850. leader of the Hungarian revolution Layosch Kossuth visited theUnited States, and found a sympathetic response in the American West. In 1850,the U.S. Senate on the initiative of Senator Lewis Cass discussed the«Resolution Cashier» on the need to judge the monarchs of Europe forthe suppression of the revolutions of 1848 (First of all, as stated in thedraft resolution — «the Russian Emperor.»). It played an activesupporter of Sen. John Parker Hell. Here he writes about the American historianArthur Schlesinger in «Cycles of American History»: «The futurehistorian, according to Hale, could start a chapter devoted to 1850, asfollows:» At the beginning of the year the U.S. Senate, the highestlegislative body of the world, assembled wise and generous people who have everlived or will live, pushing in aside trifling local matters relating to theirown territories, have formed a kind of tribunal and began to court over thenations of the Earth, for causing most cruel acts of despotism. «OfferCash, Hale continued, is that» we have acted as judges angry! «Wemust bring to justice the nations of the earth, they stand before us asdefendants, and we will make their sentences.» Superior principle. But whybe limited to Austria? Hale expressed his hope that the future historian willdescribe how the United States started” the court is not over any asecondary power, whose trade is negligible and the sanctions which will cost alow price, but first and foremost on the Russian empire, announcing herverdict. «In the end, Kossuth defeated the Russian army.» I do notagree to judge Austria, until we are sentenced to some bigger criminals. I donot want our actions to resemble fishing nets frequently to catch small fish,but miss a major. «I want to judge the Russian tsar, said Hale, not onlyfor what he did to Hungary, but also» for what chtb he did long ago,sending poor exiled to Siberian snow… When we do this, we show that byraising his angry voice against weaker powers, we do so not out of cowardice.” «Resolution Cashier» was not accepted. But in 1880 Congresspassed a series of decisions condemning the policy of Alexander III in theJewish question. In 1880 the U.S. finally established in the Pacific Ocean. In1886 at the initiative of President Grover Cleveland’s Congress held hearingson the subject of future U.S. policy in the Pacific Ocean. At the hearing, itwas decided that of all the Pacific countries, only the Russian Empire couldpotentially threaten U.S. interests. In this regard, the U.S. did not supportthe Russian-German-French ultimatum to Japan in 1895. In 1899 the U.S. declaredpolicy of «open door», maintaining the territorial integrity ofChina, primarily — due to containment of Russian advance into Manchuria andKorea. Since 1901 the administration of Theodore Roosevelt provided financialand military-technical assistance to Japan in the preparation of theRussian-Japanese war. In 1900 Russia and the United States played a decisiverole in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China. Regularly (every ten days) toNew York arriving passenger ships, Russian-American Line. In the First WorldWar, Russia and the United States entered the Allies. Turning point forrelations between the two countries began in 1917. After the Revolution inRussia, the United States refused to recognize the Soviet government. In1918-1920 years, American troops took part in a foreign intervention, whilesupporting the White Army. U.S. has become one of the last states to recognizethe Soviet Union. In 1919 the U.S. was deployed against communist and socialistmovements — banning the left-wing organization, expelled from the country’sdangerous, according to authorities, the person. Diplomatic relations betweenthe Soviet Union and the United States have been set on Nov. 16, 1933. Amongother events of this period, important for bilateral relations can note theparticipation of Americans in the rescue «Chelyuskin in 1934 (two U.S.aircraft mechanics have been awarded the Order of Lenin for that), and ValeryChkalov flight over the North Pole from Moscow to Vancouver in 1937. During theSecond World War, relations between the U.S. and the USSR were moderately good.The German attack on June 22, 1941 The Soviet Union has caused among theAmerican people a wave of respect and sympathy for the Soviet Union, almostsingle-handedly resisting fascist aggression. Solution Roosevelt in November1941 the USSR had been circulated law the Lend-Lease Act, under which theSoviet Union were supplied U.S. military equipment, property and food prices. Butthe union treaty between the USSR and the U.S. (as between the USSR and the UK)has been signed. USA and the USSR were allies on the basis of an internationalinstrument — the United Nations Declaration of January 1, 1942. Later on June23, 1942 was signed by the Soviet-American agreement on deliveries of militarytechnologies. United States, referring to the text of the Atlantic Charter of1941, refused to recognize the Baltics part of the Soviet Union. The U.S.Congress also regularly raised the issue of religious freedoms in the SovietUnion. Agreement between the members of the anti-Hitler coalition, made duringand after the war, is to create a bipolar world in which the union leadershipin the West opposed the U.S. unit of the socialist countries rallied around theSoviet Union. At the end of World War II the USSR became a powerful superpowerwhose influence extended from Western Europe to the Pacific Ocean.Establishment of Eastern European states pro-Soviet communist regime led to asharp deterioration in relations between the USSR and the USA. American leaderssought to prevent the spread of Soviet influence and leftist ideas (aided bythe victory of the Soviet Union in the war) further west, in Latin America,Asia and Africa. In the U.S. started the anti-communist hysteria — theso-called „witch hunt“. Very soon, the struggle between twoideologies, went beyond diplomatic relations and developed into a globalconfrontation with the system now and then flashing armed conflicts around theworld — the Korean War, Vietnam War, many Arab-Israeli wars, the wars in LatinAmerica, the Middle East and Africa. An important factor in the relations ofthe Soviet Union and the United States has become an arms race. Since August 1945the United States considers itself a monopoly on the possession of nuclearweapons and tried to use this trump card against the USSR. But in 1949 theSoviet Union also got atomic, and in 1953 — a thermonuclear weapon, and then — and the means of delivering these weapons to targets on the territory of hispotential opponent (ballistic missiles). Both countries have invested hugefunds in the defense industry, the total nuclear arsenal for decades has grownso much that it would be enough to destroy the entire population of the planetthan a dozen times. Already in the early 1960’s the United States and theSoviet Union on the brink of nuclear war when the Soviet Union in response toplacement in Turkey of U.S. medium-range missiles placed its own nuclear missilesin Cuba that led to the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Fortunately, thanks tothe political will of John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev, military conflictwas avoided. But besides the danger of nuclear war, arms race threat carriedthe U.S. economy and the USSR. Permanent essentially meaningless, the increasein the armed forces threatened the economic collapse on both sides. In thissituation, and signed several bilateral agreements that limit the accumulationof nuclear weapons. In the 1970’s. conducted negotiations on limiting strategicarms, which resulted in the treaties were signed the SALT-I (1972), whichincluded the ABM Treaty and SALT-II (1979) to limit missile launchers. June 1,1990 an agreement was signed between the USSR and the USA on the maritimeboundary (the Agreement on the lines of the Baker-Shevardnadze) under which theU.S. withdrew part of the exclusive economic zone of the USSR and the area ofthe continental shelf area of 46.3 thousand square kilometers in the opencentral Bering Sea, as well as territorial waters in a small area in the BeringStrait between the islands Ratmanova (Russia) and Kruzenstern. Acute political,economic, ideological and ethnic crisis in the Soviet Union by the end of 1980,led to the collapse of the state. Many conservative American politicians areinclined to ascribe this regard; the United States win the Cold War. Anyway,the disintegration of the USSR (and preceding the collapse of the socialistsystem) is considered to be the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a newrelationship between.